How Can Morphogenesis Be Affected by the Control of Gene Expression

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Extra-genomic instructive influences in morphogenesis: A review of external signals that regulate growth and grade

Highlights

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Developmental and Regenerative morphogenesis receive input from exterior the genome.

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Instructive lateral influences on anatomical outcomes can be of biotic or abiotic origin.

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Abiotic influences include temperature, calorie-free, geomagnetics, vibration, & chemicals.

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Biotic influences include conspecifics, parasites, microbiome, and predators.

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Such influences bear on morphogenesis via chemicals, bioelectrics, and biomechanics.

Abstract

Embryonic development and regeneration accomplish a remarkable feat: private cells piece of work together to create or repair complex anatomical structures. What is the source of the instructive signals that specify these invariant and robust organ-level outcomes? The most frequently studied source of morphogenetic control is the host genome and its transcriptional circuits. However, information technology is now apparent that significant data affecting patterning as well arrives from outside of the body. Both biotic and physical factors, including temperature and various molecular signals emanating from pathogens, commensals, and conspecific organisms, bear upon developmental outcomes. Hither, nosotros review examples in which anatomical patterning decisions are strongly impacted by lateral signals that originate from outside of the zygotic genome. The endogenous pathways targeted past these influences often show transgenerational furnishings, enabling them to shape the evolution of anatomies even faster than traditional Baldwin-type assimilation. We besides discuss recent advances in the biophysics of morphogenetic controls and speculate on additional sources of important patterning information which could be exploited to better understand the evolution of bodies and to pattern novel approaches for regenerative medicine.

Keywords

Embryogenesis

Regeneration

Non-genomic

Epigenetics

Biophysics

© 2022 Elsevier Inc.

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Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001216061930675X